Changes in the Function of the Ratu Boko Complex during the Medang Kingdom (8th-10th Century AD)

Ardi Tri Yuwono; Gijsbert ter  Braake

Authors

Ardi Tri Yuwono Sekolah Alam Ramadhani & Taman Baca Mahanani Author https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0144-8367
Gijsbert ter Braake Utrecht University Translator https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2143-3887

Keywords:

Medang Kingdom, Ratu Boko Complex, Sailendra Dynasty, Sanjaya Dynasty

Abstract

The Ratu Boko complex in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, has become a hot topic among academics regarding its original function. This study aims to analyze the diachronic functional changes of the Ratu Boko complex during the Medang Kingdom (8^th–10^th centuries CE) by integrating epigraphic evidence, spatial layout, and socio-political context. Using historical methods and a qualitative approach, this study is based on primary sources (the Abhayagirivihāra and Siwagrha inscriptions), archives from Leiden University’s Digital Collections, and secondary sources, complemented by direct observation at the Ratu Boko complex. The findings of this study indicate that the complex underwent two distinct phases. The first was a Buddhist monastery founded by Rakai Panangkaran of the Śailendra Dynasty around 792 CE as a spiritual retreat for the retired king, as evidenced by the presence of Dhyani Buddha statues and stupika. Second, the Hindu palace was strengthened and transformed by Rakai Pikatan of the Sanjaya Dynasty after 856 AD, as evidenced by the existence of a stone fortress, paduraksa gate, pendapa, paseban, burning temple, Durga and Garuda statues, and liṅga-yoni. This study concludes that the conversion of the Ratu Boko complex was not merely an architectural change, but also an intended political legitimation strategy, which included aspects of military struggle, symbolic revitalization, and a political marriage between Rakai Pikatan and Pramodhawardhani.

Author Biographies

Ardi Tri Yuwono, Sekolah Alam Ramadhani & Taman Baca Mahanani

Guru Sejarah
Gijsbert ter Braake, Utrecht University

History and Art History, Faculty of Humanities

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